Electrical & Electronics

Bench set-up for testing instrument transformers, allowing students to determine transformation ratio, polarity, and ratio/phase-angle errors of current and potential transformers. Used in power systems and measurement laboratories to teach instrument-transformer characteristics and burden effects.

Test bench for verifying the operating characteristics of protective relays, both electromechanical and digital/numerical types. Enables study of pick-up, drop-off, and time-current behaviour, forming a core experiment in power system protection courses.

Set-up for plotting the time-current (tripping) characteristics of fuses and miniature circuit breakers rated from 1 A to 10 A. Demonstrates inverse-time behaviour of protective devices and supports coordination studies in protection laboratories.

Paired synchro transmitter and receiver units for demonstrating remote angular position transmission and error-signal generation. A standard control systems laboratory experiment on synchros used as position sensors and error detectors in servo systems.

Set-up using a pair of potentiometers to generate an error voltage proportional to the difference between reference and output shaft positions. Teaches the principle of error detection, a fundamental building block of closed-loop position control systems.

Bench set-up for measuring the torque-speed characteristics of a DC servomotor at different armature voltages. Used in control systems laboratories to establish motor transfer-function parameters and understand servo drive behaviour.

Set-up for determining the torque-speed characteristics of a two-phase AC servomotor at varying control-winding voltages. Illustrates the near-linear characteristics that make AC servomotors suitable for low-power feedback control applications.

Op-amp based analog controller set-up in which proportional, integral, and derivative actions can be configured individually or in combination. Allows students to observe the effect of each control action on the step response of a simulated process.

Microprocessor-based PID controller test set-up with adjustable gain, integral, and derivative settings applied to a simulated or real process. Teaches digital implementation of PID control, tuning methods, and comparison of closed-loop responses.

Set-up for studying lag, lead, and lag-lead compensation networks and their effect on the frequency and transient response of a control system. Enables measurement of magnitude and phase characteristics for compensator design exercises.

Demonstration set-up of an open-loop control configuration in which the output is not fed back to the input. Used to show the limitations of open-loop operation, such as sensitivity to disturbances and parameter variations, as a foundation for feedback control study.

Set-up demonstrating a negative-feedback closed-loop control system, with measurable reference, error, and output signals. Teaches the effect of feedback on accuracy, disturbance rejection, and stability compared with open-loop operation.

Set-up illustrating feed-forward control, in which measured disturbances are compensated before they affect the process output. Allows comparison of feed-forward, feedback, and combined control strategies on the same plant.

Closed-loop angular position control system built around an AC servomotor with synchro or potentiometric feedback. Students study transient response, steady-state error, and the effect of gain on the performance of an AC servomechanism.

Closed-loop position control set-up using a DC servomotor with position feedback, allowing adjustment of loop gain and observation of the resulting response. A standard experiment for studying second-order system behaviour, overshoot, and settling time.

Primary pressure standard that generates known pressures by loading calibrated weights on a piston of known area. Used for calibrating pressure gauges and transducers and for teaching pressure measurement and calibration practice.

Bench instrument for measuring inductance, capacitance, and resistance of components, typically at selectable test frequencies. Essential for component characterisation and verification in electronics and circuits laboratories.

Set-up for controlling the speed of a 1 HP, 415 V three-phase slip-ring induction motor by varying effective rotor resistance through a chopper circuit. Demonstrates static rotor resistance control and its effect on torque-speed characteristics in electrical drives courses.

Instrument for measuring inductance, capacitance, resistance, and the quality factor (Q) of components and tuned circuits. Used to study resonance and component losses at high frequency in measurement and electronics laboratories.

Training platform built around a programmable logic controller with input/output simulation panels for developing and testing ladder-logic programs. Teaches industrial automation fundamentals including interlocking, timers, counters, and sequential control.

Power electronics set-up that converts fixed-frequency single-phase AC into lower-frequency AC using thyristor-based conversion. Used to study frequency conversion, firing schemes, and output waveforms in power electronics laboratories.

SCR-based controlled rectifier set-up for charging batteries, with firing-angle control of the charging voltage and current. Demonstrates phase-controlled rectification and a practical thyristor application in power electronics courses.

Set-up comprising a DC shunt generator with prime mover for plotting the open circuit (magnetisation) characteristic and determining critical field resistance. A standard electrical machines experiment on generator voltage build-up and magnetic saturation.